4D feature plot (Kendrick mass plot)¶

Description¶

Visualization → 4D feature plot (Kendrick)

In 1963 Kendrick published his idea of a mass scale, the so-called Kendrick mass scale, which is based on defining the mass of CH2 as 14.0000 u.

The Kendrick mass scale is calculated by multiplying the IUPAC mass scale with the factor 14.0000 u/14.01565 u = 0.9988834. This results in the same mass defect for homologous components, the so-called Kendrick mass defect (KMD). The KMD is defined as the \(\Delta\) of a nominal Kendrick mass and its associated Kendrick mass. Using the Kendrick mass scale has the purpose of data reduction.

\[KM(R)=m/z\cdot\frac{round(R)}{R}\]

\[KMD(R)=round(KM(R))-KM(R)\]

where \(KM\) is Kendrick mass, \(KMD\) - Kendrick mass defect, \(R\) - exact mass of selected base unit.

Kendrick example

If you use this module for your analysis or visualization, please cite:

Three‐dimensional Kendrick mass plots as a tool for graphical lipid identification. A. Korf, C. Vosse, R. Schmid, P. O. Helmer, V. Jeck, H. Hayen, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 32.12 (2018): 981-991.

Expanding the Kendrick Mass Plot Toolbox in MZmine 2 to Enable Rapid Polymer Characterization in Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry Data Sets A. Korf, T. Fouquet, R. Schmid, H. Hayen, and S. Hagenhoff, Analytical Chemistry 2020 92 (1), 628-633.

Detailed functionality¶

This module allows to create 4 dimensional Kendrick mass plots. Feature characteristics, such as retention time or feature area, can be plotted as color scale or bubble size.

Charge dependent Kendrick mass plots¶

Multiply charged ions can cause splits in Kendrick mass plot. Fouquet et al. have shown considering the charge for the calculation of the KM can help to overcome this problem through clustering of features.

\[KM(R,Z)=Z\cdot KM(R)=Z\cdot m/z\cdot \frac{round(R)}{R}\]

where \(Z\) is charge.

Fouquet, Thierry NJ, et al. "On the Kendrick Mass Defect Plots of Multiply Charged Polymer Ions: Splits, Misalignments, and How to Correct Them." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 29.8 (2018): 1611-1626.

Resolution enhanced Kendrick mass defect plots¶

Fouquet and Sato have shown that a fractional base unit (ivisor) can enhance the resolution of Kendrick mass plots.

\[X>1, KM(R,X)=m/z\cdot \frac{round(R/X)}{R/X}\]

where \(X\) is a fractional base unit.

Fouquet, Thierry, and Hiroaki Sato. "Extension of the Kendrick mass defect analysis of homopolymers to low resolution and high mass range mass spectra using fractional base units." Analytical chemistry 89.5 (2017): 2682-2686.

Combining charge and fractional base unit (Divisor)¶

If both charge and fractional base unit are changed, the following equation is used:

\[KM(R,Z,X)=Z\cdot KM(RX)=Z\cdot m/z\cdot \frac{round(R/X)}{R/X}\]

Fouquet, Thierry NJ, et al. "On the Kendrick Mass Defect Plots of Multiply Charged Polymer Ions: Splits, Misalignments, and How to Correct Them." Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry 29.8 (2018): 1611-1626.

Fouquet, Thierry, Takaya Satoh, and Hiroaki Sato. "First gut instincts are always right: the resolution required for a mass defect analysis of polymer ions can be as low as oligomeric." Analytical chemistry 90.4 (2018): 2404-2408.

Remainders of Kendrick masses (RKM)¶

Another option to increase the resolution of Kendrick mass plots is the by Fouquet et al. proposed concept of RKM (remainders of Kendrick masses). [RKM(R)=\Bigg{\frac{KM(R)}{round(R)}\Bigg}]

with \(\{ \}\) being the fractional part function defined as \(x=x-floor(x)\)

Parameters¶

Kendrick parameters

Feature List¶

Select one feature or aligned feature list.

X-axis¶

Select which metric you want to display on the X-Axis. Possible metrics are m/z, Kendrick Mass, Kendrick Mass Defect, Remainder of Kendrick Mass, Retention Time, Mobility, Intensity, Area, Tailing Factor, and Asymetry Factor.

Repeating unit for X-Axis¶

Enter a molecular formula which will be used for Kendrick Mass calculation. The field is only acitve if Kendrick, Kendrick Mass Defect, or Remainder of Kendrick Mass is selected.

Y-axis¶

Select which metric you want to display on the Y-Axis. Possible metrics are m/z, Kendrick Mass, Kendrick Mass Defect, Remainder of Kendrick Mass, Retention Time, Mobility, Intensity, Area, Tailing Factor, and Asymetry Factor.

Repeating unit for Y-Axis¶

Enter a molecular formula which will be used for Kendrick Mass calculation. The field is only acitve if Kendrick, Kendrick Mass Defect, or Remainder of Kendrick Mass is selected.

Color scale¶

Select which metric you want to display as a color scale. Possible metrics are m/z, Kendrick Mass, Kendrick Mass Defect, Remainder of Kendrick Mass, Retention Time, Mobility, Intensity, Area, Tailing Factor, and Asymetry Factor.

Repeating unit for color scale¶

Enter a molecular formula which will be used for Kendrick Mass calculation. The field is only acitve if Kendrick, Kendrick Mass Defect, or Remainder of Kendrick Mass is selected.

Bubble size¶

Select which metric you want to display as bubble size. Possible metrics are m/z, Kendrick Mass, Kendrick Mass Defect, Remainder of Kendrick Mass, Retention Time, Mobility, Intensity, Area, Tailing Factor, and Asymetry Factor.

Repeating unit for bubble size¶

Enter a molecular formula which will be used for Kendrick Mass calculation. The field is only acitve if Kendrick, Kendrick Mass Defect, or Remainder of Kendrick Mass is selected.

Region of interest ROI extraction¶

The Kendrick/4D plot can be used to extract regions of interest from a plot. E.g., you can use this to extract polymers, PFAS, Lipids and more depending on their localization in a m/z vs. RT plot or in a Kendrick plot.

Find the "Region" panel below the kendrick plot
Start drawing by pressing the "Start" button.
Draw your region of interest in the plot. Unfinished ROIs will be filled in gray.
Finish drawing the region by pressing the "Finish" button. The finished region will just be outlined.
Click the "Extract to feature list" button to create a new feature list of features in this region.

!!! Note: The chart supports multiple regions. Region drawing can be canceled, regions can be removed or loaded and saved using the respective buttons.

!!! Batch mode: To use the ROI extraction in the batch mode, set up the desired ROI using the 4D chart and save the region or extract it. You can either save the whole batch from the feature list summary or load the regions into the 'Region extraction' module.

Automatic Repeating Unit Suggestion¶

Description¶

The Repeating Unit Suggester in mzmine is designed to automatically predict repeating units based on the m/z values of features in a feature list. This functionality is crucial for simplifying the identification of repeating units in polymer analysis, lipid identification, and other applications requiring pattern recognition in mass spectrometry data.

Functionality¶

The Repeating Unit Suggester performs the following steps to suggest repeating units. The results are displayed on the right side of the parameter setup dialog:

Extract m/z Values: The m/z values are extracted from the provided feature list, taking into account the detected charge states of the features, if available (default charge = 1).
Calculate Delta Frequencies: The frequency of all m/z deltas is calculated to identify common mass differences between features.
Identify Top Deltas: The top N delta medians are identified based on their frequency, which helps in pinpointing the most common repeating units.
Filter Multimers: The deltas are filtered to remove multimers, ensuring that only the most relevant repeating units are considered.
Predict Formulas: Potential molecular formulas corresponding to the identified deltas are predicted. This involves:
- Generating molecular formulas.
- Applying heuristic checks (RDBE, elemental, and nitrogen rule) to validate the predicted formulas.

Last update: October 15, 2024 19:11:13